The Technologies Powering NI M Series DAQ

Overview

NI M Series data acquisition (DAQ) devices set a new standard for data acquisition hardware capabilities with a revolutionary architecture designed from the ground up. In addition to integrating the most advanced commercially available technology, the devices incorporate new design enhancements that provide dramatic improvements in performance, accuracy, and I/O channel density:

• NI-STC 2 – Custom-designed system timing controller ASIC
• NI-MCal technology – Revolutionary calibration and linearization methodology
• NI-PGIA 2 technology – Custom-designed gain amplifiers

The NI-STC 2, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designed specifically for M Series DAQ devices, increases the number of I/O channels per device and improves the total data throughput rate by up to 1200 percent. NI-MCal technology is a linearization and calibration engine that delivers unparalleled accuracy improvements across all input ranges. In addition, NI-PGIA 2 amplifier technology is custom-designed to provide better resolution at faster sampling rates. Three NI-PGIA 2 versions are optimized for cost, speed, and accuracy, respectively.

NI-STC 2 – Custom-Designed System Timing Controller ASIC

The NI-STC 2 is a custom-designed ASIC that controls the system timing, synchronization, and data routing functions of all input and output data acquisition operations. The NI-STC 2 provides:

• 6 DMA channels – dedicated scatter-gather DMA controllers for each function
• Clocked digital I/O lines (up to 10 MHz)
• 32-bit counter/timers with encoder compatibility
• Generation and routing of RTSI bus signals for multidevice synchronization
• Generation and routing of internal and external timing signals
• PLL for clock synchronization

NI-STC 2 – Six DMA Channels

Many plug-in data acquisition devices are limited not by their acquisition or update rates but by the rate at which they can transfer data to PC memory. Legacy data acquisition devices use interrupt request lines (IRQ) to transfer data from the device to the PC, and require a jumper configuration to avoid memory conflicts. IRQs use the computer processor to control the data transfer, which causes inefficiencies by blocking other operations from being processed by the PC. Modern data acquisition devices include onboard direct memory access (DMA) channels through which you can send data directly from the data acquisition device to PC memory without processor involvement. DMA transfers are able to carry data at high speeds and keep the processor free to perform other tasks at the same time.

Next-generation data acquisition devices, including those in the M Series family, have six DMA channels. With this technology built into the NI-STC 2 device system and timing controller, a single device can perform analog input, analog output, digital input, digital output, and two counter/timer operations simultaneously while leaving the PC processor free to execute other operations such as data scaling and analysis. Because most other data acquisition devices have a single DMA channel, two or more operations being executed simultaneously require IRQs. As data transfer rates increase and as more operations are simultaneously performed, these IRQs begin to monopolize PC processor time, causing system slowdown and eventually generating buffer overflow errors. M Series DAQ devices with the NI-STC 2 can execute up to six operations simultaneously at high rates while minimizing the potential for error due to data loss or buffer overflows.

Figure 2. The NI-STC 2 has six DMA channels for significant increases in data throughput.

NI-STC 2 – Digital I/O and Counter/Timers

In addition to 16 static digital I/O lines, the NI-STC 2 includes up to 32 hardware-timed digital I/O lines, which can input or output digital patterns at rates up to 10 MHz. You can individually configure each signal as a digital input, static output, or waveform output. The NI-STC 2 has dedicated FIFO buffers for digital input and output, each with a dedicated DMA channel to move data to and from the FIFO and PC memory. You can use groups of lines to generate or measure patterns up to 32 bits wide. This pattern I/O capability, which is useful for applications including reading bar codes or reading analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for component characterization, is required for any application needing more than a few milliseconds of timing accuracy.

You also can correlate the digital lines in time with other hardware-timed operations such as analog input, analog output, and counters to synchronize multiple operations on the device. To correlate signals, the NI-STC 2 internally routes an external or internal signal to provide a single clock source for the correlated signals.

All M Series DAQ devices include two 32-bit counter/timers for pulse generation and frequency measurements. Compared to common 24-bit counter/timer registers, M Series devices have 256 times the measurement capacity. In addition, an onboard 80 MHz timebase improves pulse measurement accuracy by 400 percent and enables faster waveforms compared to the 20 MHz timebase common on legacy data acquisition devices. You can use the counters to perform position measurements with quadrature encoders or two-pulse encoders, and measure angular position with X1, X2, and X4 angular encoders.


NI-STC 2 – Timing and Synchronization

The NI-STC 2 generates several timebases by dividing down the 80 MHz master clock. These signals are used internally as clock sources for analog input, analog output, digital I/O, and counter/timers. From this 80 MHz clock, each M Series device also generates its own 10 MHz reference clock, which you can use to synchronize multiple devices. This 10 MHz reference clock is routed to other devices in the same system through the RTSI bus.

Traditionally, using a RTSI bus to synchronize devices often limited the maximum clock rate of each device to 10 MHz. M Series devices, with the NI-STC 2, have a phase lock loop (PLL) that enables each device in the system to synchronize its own 80 MHz timebase to the master 10 MHz clock. With this technology, all devices are synchronized to the same master clock but can use the faster 80 MHz timing signal generated onboard.

Figure 3. M Series devices generate an onboard 80 MHz clock and a PLL to synchronize multiple devices.

NI-MCal Technology – Calibration and Linearization Methodology

Electronic components such as ADCs and programmable amplifiers are characterized by nonlinearities and drift due to time and temperature. Compensating for these inherent sources of error requires device self-calibration. Legacy data acquisition devices use an onboard precision voltage reference to perform a two-point calibration for a single measurement range. This method fails to protect against localized nonlinearities over the range of the ADC, diminishing the measurement accuracy of the device. Additionally, because this method calibrates at only a single input range, measurements that scan multiple channels at varying input ranges are limited in accuracy by the tolerance of a resistor network.

M Series devices incorporate NI-MCal technology, a patent-pending linearization and calibration engine that calibrates at thousands of voltage levels and at all input ranges. NI-MCal uses pulse-width modulation (PWM) in conjunction with a high-precision voltage reference. The duty cycle of the PWM is used to vary the voltage level, so self-calibration is done at multiple points. Calibration constants are generated and stored in an onboard EEPROM to model the nonlinearity of the ADC and correct subsequent measurements.

The implementation of NI-MCal technology improves measurement accuracy by up to five times when compared to traditional two-point calibration. Additionally, the improved precision reference featured on most M Series devices lowers the maintenance cost of the device by increasing the recommended calibration interval from one year to two years.

	M Series	Legacy E Series
Type of calibration	Polynomial, all input ranges	Linear, one range
Typical self-calibration time	7 s	30 s
Calibration interval requirement	Up to 2 years	1 year

The settling time of an ADC can significantly impact accuracy when scanning multiple channels at fast rates. Settling time is the amount of time required for a signal that is being amplified to reach a specified level of accuracy. If an amplifier does not have low enough settling time, the measured signal is digitized inaccurately. For any given level of resolution (or accuracy), shorter settling times are desirable because they allow faster sampling rates without sacrificing accuracy.

To ensure accurate measurements, NI designed the M Series with custom NI-PGIA 2 technology. The NI-PGIA 2 on each M Series device is optimized for cost, speed, and accuracy. For example, the NI-PGIA 2 on high-accuracy M Series devices is optimized for 18-bit fast settling, low noise, and high linearity. NI-PGIA 2 technology improves accuracy by minimizing settling time, which maintains the specified resolution of the device even at maximum sampling rates. Figure 4 shows the high-speed M Series NI-PGIA 2 settling to virtually zero error in 1.5 µs following a 20 V step (worst-case scenario).

Figure 4. The NI-PGIA 2 provides shorter settling times than legacy and off-the-shelf PGIA technologies.

More I/O and Additional Features

M Series devices include additional features new to plug-in data acquisition that improve measurement accuracy, safety, and ease of use. While 12- and 16-bit data acquisition devices have been the recent measurement standard, M Series devices have 18-bit resolution. The 18-bit ADC can detect voltage changes as small as one-fourth of those detected by a 16-bit devices and up to 1/64 of those detected by 12-bit devices. These 18-bit devices also include a programmable lowpass filter, which blocks high-frequency noise from being digitized.

The digital lines on M Series devices have overvoltage, undervoltage, and overcurrent protection to prevent damage to the device and PC in the case that excessively high signals are accidentally connected to digital lines. Also, counter/timer lines have input filters to prevent digital bounce, which is common with industrial relays and switches. Both digital protection and counter/timer line filters are especially useful in industrial and control applications.

NI-DAQmx measurement services and driver software comes with all M Series devices. NI-DAQmx delivers unprecedented advances in productivity and performance to data acquisition applications. The integrated DAQ Assistant provides a step-by-step wizard utility for configuring, testing, and programming measurement tasks. In addition, NI-DAQmx is multithreaded so that multiple operations can run simultaneously on a single processor.

M Series DAQ devices are designed to work seamlessly with IEEE 1451.4 smart sensors. Using M Series DAQ devices, NI signal conditioning, and NI-DAQmx measurement services software to read smart sensors, you can replace manual sensor data entry by automatic reading a sensor's electronic data sheet and using it to scale sensor measurements.

Table 2 summarizes the differences between NI M Series and legacy NI E Series DAQ devices.

		M Series	E Series
AI	Channels	16 or 32	16 or 64
	Sampling rate	Up to 1.25 MS/s (16-bit)	Up to 1.25 MS/s (12-bit)
	Resolution	16- or 18-bit	12- or 16-bit
	Calibration method	NI-MCal (all ranges)	Linear, 2-point (single range)
	Programmable lowpass input filters	Yes1	No
AO	Channels	0, 2, or 4	0 or 2
	Update rate	Up to 2.8 MS/s, 16-bit	Up to 333 kS/s, 16-bit
	Resolution	16-bit	12- or 16-bit
	Range	Programmable per channel1	±10 V, 0 to 10 V
	Offset	Programmable per channel1	0 V
DIO	Lines	24 or 48	8 or 32
	Rate	10 MHz, clocked1	Software-timed
	Correlated DIO	Yes	No
	Line protection	Improved overvoltage/ undervoltage and overcurrent protection	—
CTR	Lines	2	2
	Resolution	32-bit	24-bit
	Counter timebase	80 MHz	20 MHz
	Quadrature encoder inputs	Yes	No
	Counter debouncing filters	Programmable per line	None
System	Clock synchronization	PLL, RTSI	RTSI
	DMA channels	6	1 or 3
	Connector type	VHDCI (high density)	SCSI II

With M Series devices, National Instruments has continued to extend functionality while lowering the cost of data acquisition. Among others, OEM customers can appreciate that with the extended I/O capability of the M Series, the price per I/O channel has dropped by more than 30 percent.

NI-STC 2, NI-MCal, and NI-PGIA 2 technologies provide features previously unavailable for plug-in DAQ devices, and the M Series works seamlessly with the NI LabVIEW graphical development environment and NI-DAQmx measurement services software to provide more performance, more value, and more I/O.

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